What did Co-Fusion Steelmaking look like?

Pig iron (high carbon) and wrought iron (low carbon) are stacked or wrapped together and heated to high temperature. The pig iron melts first and infiltrates the wrought iron; forging then homogenizes the carbon distribution, yielding quality steel.

How did Co-Fusion Steelmaking work?

Pig iron (C~4%) + wrought iron (C~0.1%) → heated together above pig iron melting point → liquid pig iron infiltrates solid wrought iron → carbon diffuses across the interface → carbon content homogenizes to 0.6-1.2% → forged into steel.

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灌钢法

Co-Fusion Steelmaking

Co-fusion of pig iron and wrought iron to precisely control carbon content for mass production of high-quality high-carbon steel. The pinnacle of ancient Chinese steelmaking.

灌钢法

Scientific Principle

Diffusion metallurgy: carbon atoms diffuse from high-concentration zones to low-concentration zones. Fe-C phase diagram control: carbon content regulation within the austenite region.

灌钢法

Co-Fusion Steelmaking

Scientific Principle

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